Thesis by publication. Papers which form chapters 4,5,6 and 7 are restricted by publisher's permissions. Papers were removed, and pages inserted with title and link to full-text. Paper which forms chapter 8 is a pre-print (has only been submitted), publisher of journal to which it has been submitted allows pre-print archiving so it was not removed. 8/8/12 The papers, and the complete thesis, have been placed in the dark upload of matching Eprints records Lyn 15/7/2020 Signatures on PDF removed and full-text attachment replaced. LM 07/04/20