This Perspective discusses the following new Essay published in PLoS Medicine: Braun L, Fausto-Sterling A, Fullwiley D, Hammonds EM, Nelson A, et al. (2007) Racial categories in medical practice: How useful are they? PLoS Med 4(9): e271. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040271 In this Essay, the authors address the question of whether it is good medical practice for physicians to “eyeball” a patient’s race when assessing their medical status.