This paper, co-authored by experts in agricultural science and law, aims for a wide audience including industry groups and professionals plus farmers working in the agricultural sector. The GM debate is obviously a broad one, covering a raft of issues including livestock, regulation and crops. This paper will focus on GM issues as they affect crops. To bring the issues alive, we use case studies in the sections below. One is an hypothetical situation, whereas the second case study is based on a recent High Court case. This approach is intended to convey the practical nature of the issues that lie on the horizon concerning GM crops.