membrane distillation, fouling layer, dairy streams, energy consumption, power consumption, water consumption, heat transfer, mass transfer, membranes, membrane filtration, PTFE, hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene, skim milk, whey processing, heat paths, industrial processes, temperature, reverse osmosis, feed concentration, feed composition, membrane properties, operating parameters, dairy industry, heat exchanger, MDHX, foulants, thesis by publication