Thesis by publication. All papers included were the published version. Papers which forms chapter 5, 6, and 8 are restricted by publisher's permissions. Papers were removed, and pages inserted with title and link to full-text. They can be included if the author applies through RightsLink. Paper which form chapter 8 is permitted. Elsevier has a policy of allowing published articles to remain in theses. https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/copyright/permissions (click onCan I include/use my article in my thesis/dissertation). Paper which forms chapter 9 is permitted. Permissions on article (page 1): This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited." It wasn't realised at the time of metadata record creation that this was a thesis by publication. Copyright permissions not checked at that time. Original thesis suppressed 27/03/19 after removing signatures, publications redacted, and copyright note added. The complete thesis is available in the Y drive. LM 27/03/19