Purpose – This paper aims to compare the ways in which a range of quality frameworks have been
validated and to identify a number of factors that have an impact on validation processes.
Design/methodology/approach – Seven examples of published quality frameworks applicable to
the field of e-learning are described and the methods used to validate each of the frameworks are
identified and compared. The article concludes by considering a range of factors that have the
potential to have an impact on such validation processes.
Findings – Six methods of validation were found to have been used in relation to development of the
seven frameworks that were examined: reviewing the research literature related to effectiveness in
online learning; seeking input from an expert panel; undertaking empirical research; undertaking
survey research; conducting pilot projects; and drawing on case studies. From the variety of
approaches used and the ways in which they were used it was concluded that a recognised set of
procedures for validation of quality frameworks has not yet emerged.
Research limitations/implications – The most important limitation of this study is that its
findings are dependent on the particular quality frameworks selected for inclusion.
Practical implications – The paper draws attention to the need for more attention to be paid to the
development of methods of validation that are both objective and robust.
Originality/value – No previous studies were located that have looked specifically at the processes
used to validate quality frameworks. This paper therefore provides some initial baseline data upon
which to base future work.