Thesis by publication. Papers which form chapters 2a, 3, 4, 5, & 6 are all published versions published by Elsevier. Elsevier has a policy of allowing published articles to remain in theses.  https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/copyright/permissions (click on Can I include/use my article in my thesis/dissertation). LM 12/06/19
Author's name has been entered as it appears on published publications - to keep all works together in the repository. A note has been added to additional information noting author's name as displayed on thesis. LM 27/06/19