Thesis by publication. Ch. 2b & 5 not permitted according to https://authorservices.wiley.com/author-resources/Journal-Authors/Promotion/article-sharing-policy.html. Chapters removed and citations inserted. Ch. 2a & 6 permitted as they have creative commons licences. Ch. 3 & 7 permitted as published by Elsevier. Elsevier has a policy of allowing published articles to remain in theses. https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/copyright/permissions (click on Can I include/use my article in my thesis/dissertation)