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    <title>Water Use and Re-Use in Processing Horticultural Produce</title>
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    <keywords>cooling; horticultural; hydrocooler; design; potable</keywords>
    <abstract>The farmgate value of fruit and vegetables grown in Victoria is about $1 billion per year and a further $417 million value is added as a result of processing.  The shelf life of horticultural produce can be extended by cooling it as soon after harvest as possible.  A convenient way of cooling fruit and vegetables is to spray them with chilled water in devices known as hydrocoolers.  However, to conserve water and energy the water must be recirculated around the system and the water contacting the produce is mandated to be potable.  As a result, an effective water treatment system must be incorporated into hydrocoolers, and it is noted that a program of testing the water must be implemented.  It is also reported how engineering science can be used to improve the design of hydrocoolers.</abstract>
    <date>2006-09-26</date>
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    <event_dates>28-29 September 2006</event_dates>
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    <referencetext>ACIAR (2004) Reducing spoilage and contamination risks of fresh vegetables in China and Australia (ACIAR project PHT/1999/081) reported in http://www.linkingfarmerswithmarkets.net/

ADWG (2004) Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Government, Canberra, Australia

AFFA (2001) Guidelines for on-farm food safety for fresh produce, Department of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries - Australia, Australian Government, Canberra

DPI (2005) Priorities for action: Victoria- horticultural industries 2005-2008.  The Victorian Government Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne, June 2005.

Kaviany, M. (1999) Principles of heat transfer in porous media, Second Edition, (Second Printing), Springer-Verlag, New York.

Larachi, F., Alix, C., Grandjean, B. P. A. and Bernis, A. (2003)  Nu/Sh correlation for particle-liquid heat and mass transfer coefficients in trickle beds based on clet similarity.  Chem. Eng. Res. Dev. (Trans IChemE part A), 81, pp 689-694.

Larachi, F., Belfares, L. and Grandjean, B. P. A. (2001)  Prediction of liquid-solid wetting efficiency in trickle flow reactors.  Int. Comm. Heat and Mass Transfer, 28, pp 595-603.

Larachi, F., Belfares, L., Iluta, I. and Grandjean, B. P. A. (2004)  Liquid hold-up correlations for trickle beds without gas flow.  Chem. Engng and Processing, 43, pp 85-90.

Saez, A. E., Carbonell, R. G. and Levec, J. (1986) The hydrodynamics of trickling flow in packed beds, Part I: Conduit models.  AIChEJ, 31, pp 52-62.

Schwartz, J., Levin, R. and Goldstein, R. (2000)  Drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness in the elderly of Philadelphia, J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 54, pp 5-51.

Thorpe, G. R. (in press).   Towards a semi-continuum approach to the design of hydrocoolers for horticultural produce, Ecological Modelling.

Victorian Government Department of Human Services (2005) Guidelines for the use of non-potable water in food businesses.  Victorian Government, Melbourne, Victoria.
</referencetext>
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