Shakoor, Hira ORCID: 0000-0001-6043-9283, Apostolopoulos, Vasso ORCID: 0000-0001-6788-2771, Feehan, Jack ORCID: 0000-0002-9627-1299, Ali, Habiba I ORCID: 0000-0003-2685-1244, Ismail, Leila Cheikh, Al Dhaheri, Ayesha S ORCID: 0000-0002-7634-3531 and Stojanovska, Lily (2021) Effect of Calorie Restriction and Exercise on Type 2 Diabetes. PMakedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite. Oddelenie za Medicinski Nauki. Prilozi, 42 (1). pp. 109-126. ISSN 1857-9345

Abstract

Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic condition, generally regarded as an irreversible, that is among the top 10 causes of death globally. The hallmark of T2D is hyperglycemia, which results from disturbances in insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Several clinical and lifestyle factors are involved in the progression of T2D, such as obesity and physical inactivity. A high-calorie diet is the main contributor to the development of obesity, which results in T2D, as obesity or increased intra-abdominal adipose tissue is related to insulin resistance. Technological advances have contributed to individuals having a more sedentary lifestyle, leading to obesity and T2D. T2D can be treated with lifestyle interventions, such as diet and exercise. Herein, we highlight the positive impact of a very low-calorie diet (VLCD) and lifestyle modalities in the treatment and prevention of T2D. An inclusion of VLCD 400-800 kcal/day for 8 weeks and ≥ 150 minutes exercise 5 times a week as lifestyle interventions can decrease glucose levels to normal, reduce HbA1c and improve insulin resistance and sensitivity. Therefore, a potential mechanism in maintaining glucose homeostasis and remission of T2D by VLCD and exercise reduces body weight.

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